Cardiovascular

• Congestive Heart Failure (see Congestive Heart Failure)
  • Epidemiology
    • Borderline Exudates May Be Seen in Some Long-Standing Cases
• Post-Cardiac Injury Syndrome (PCIS)/b> (see Post-Cardiac Injury Syndrome)

Endocrine/Reproductive

• Hypothyroidism (see Hypothyroidism)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXX
• Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (see Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXX
• Pregnancy (see Pregnancy)
  • Epidemiology
    • Small amounts of U/S-detected pleural effusion are a normal finding in pregnancy (unclear whether these are transudates or exudates)
• Meig’s Syndrome (see Meig’s Syndrome)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXX
• Endometriosis (see Endometriosis)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXX

Gastrointestinal

• Biliary-Pleural Fistula (see Pleural Effusion-Cholethorax)
• Cholecystitis (see xxxx)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXX
• Esophageal Rupture/Perforation (see Esophageal Perforation)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXX
• Esophageal Variceal Sclerotherapy (see Esophageal Varices)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXX
• Diaphragmatic Hernia (see Diaphragmatic Hernia)
• Hepatitis (see xxxx)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXX
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) (see Inflammatory Bowel Disease)
• Movement of Liquid from Abdomen to Pleural Space
  • Acute/Chronic Pancreatitis (see Acute Pancreatitis and Chronic Pancreatitis)
  • Chylous Ascites (see xxxx)
  • Malignant Ascites
  • Meig’s Syndrome (see xxxx)
  • Pancreatic Pseudocyst
  • Splenic Infarction (see xxxx)
  • Subdiaphragmatic/Hepatic/Splenic Abscess (see Abdominal Abscess)
• Post-Abdominal Surgery
  • Orthotopic Liver Transplant (OLT) (see Liver Transplant)

Neoplastic

• Engraftment Syndrome (see Engraftment Syndrome)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXX
  • Lung Cancer (see Lung Cancer)
• Pleural Mesothelioma (see Pleural Mesothelioma)
• Pleural Metastases (Malignant Pleural Effusion) (see Pleural Effusion-Malignant)
  • Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) (see Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia)
  • Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) (see Acute Myeloid Leukemia)
  • Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy (see Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy)
  • Breast Cancer (see Breast Cancer): 25% of all cases
  • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) (see Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia)
  • Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) (see Chronic Myeloid Leukemia)
  • Lung Cancer (see Lung Cancer): 30% of all cases
  • Lymphoma (see Lymphoma): 20% of all cases
  • Multiple Myeloma (see Multiple Myeloma)
  • Ovarian Cancer (see Ovarian Cancer): 6% of all cases
  • Sarcomas and Melanoma (see Sarcoma and Melanoma): 3% of all cases
    • Kaposi Sarcoma (see Kaposi Sarcoma)
  • Unknown Primary Malignancy: 6% of all pleural metastatic cases
  • Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia (see Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia)
• Solitary Fibrous Tumor of Pleura (see Solitary Fibrous Tumor of Pleura)

Pulmonary/Pleural

• Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia (see Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
• Acute Pulmonary Embolism (PE) (see Acute Pulmonary Embolism)
  • Epidemiology
    • 80% of Pleural Effusions are Exudative
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) (see Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
• Benign Asbestos Pleural Effusion (BAPE) (see Benign Asbestos Pleural Effusion)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXXX
• Cholesterol Effusion
  • Etiology
    • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) (see Rheumatoid Arthritis)
    • Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis)
• Chylothorax (see Pleural Effusion-Chylothorax)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXXX
• Hemothorax (see Pleural Effusion-Hemothorax)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXXX
• Nonexpandable Lung (see Nonexpandable Lung)
  • Etiology
    • Lung Entrapment
    • Trapped Lung
  • Physiology
    • Negative Intrapleural Pressure Results in the Formation of Pleural Effusion
• Post-Lung Transplant (see Lung Transplant)
  • Epidemiology
    • Pleural effusion is common in the first 2 weeks after lung transplant (sampling is not required unless effusion is large or infection is suspected)
    • Cases of Pleural Effusion Associated with Acute Cellular Lung Transplant Rejection (see Acute Lung Transplant Rejection): lymphocytic exudate
• Post-Pulmonary Thrombendarterectomy (PTE) (see Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension)
  • Epidemiology
    • In cases where pericardial window (with drainage to left pleural space) is created -> usually left-sided
• Pulmonary Infection (Pneumonia)
  • Viral
    • Acute Hepatitis B (see Hepatitis B Virus)
    • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (see Cytomegalovirus)
    • Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (see Dengue Virus)
    • Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) (see Epstein-Barr Virus): infectious mononucleosis
    • Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) (see Herpes Simplex Virus)
    • Influenza Virus (see Influenza Virus)
    • Lassa Virus (see Viral Hemorrhagic Fever)
    • Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (see Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome)
    • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (see Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
    • Measles Virus (see Measles Virus)
    • Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) (see Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
    • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2/COVID-19) (see Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2)
  • Bacterial
    • Actinomycosis (see Actinomycosis)
    • Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (see Bacillus Calmette-Guerin): disseminated
    • Inhalational Anthrax (see Bacillus Anthracis)
    • Legionellosis (see Legionellosis)
    • Lemierre’s Syndrome (see Lemierre’s Syndrome)
    • Listeriosis (see Listeriosis)
    • Melioidosis (see Burkholderia Pseudomallei)
    • Mycoplasma (see Mycoplasma Pneumoniae)
    • Nocardiosis (see Nocardiosis)
    • Parapneumonic Effusion (see Pleural Effusion-Parapneumonic)
    • Rhodococcus Equi (see Rhodococcus Equi): empyema may occur
    • Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis)
      • Primary Tuberculosis: pleural effusion occurs in approximately 33% of primary tuberculosis cases (usually in the first 3-4 mo after infection, but may occur up to 1 yr later)
      • Tuberculosis Pleuritis
    • Tularemia (see Tularemia)
      • Elevated Adenosine Deaminase
      • Lymphocyte-Predominant
      • Lung or Pleural Biopsy: may demonstrate granulomas
  • Fungal
    • Blastomycosis (see Blastomycosis)
    • Coccidioidomycosis (see Coccidioidomycosis)
    • Cryptococcosis (see Cryptococcosis)
    • Histoplasmosis (see Histoplasmosis)
    • Invasive Aspergillosis (see Invasive Aspergillosis)
    • Pneumocystis Jirovecii (see Pneumocystis Jirovecii)
  • Parasitic
    • Amebiasis (see Amebiasis)
    • Echinococcosis (see Echinococcosis)
    • Paragonimiasis (see Paragonimiasis)
• Radiation Pleuritis (see Radiation Pleuritis)
  • Epidemiology
    • Following Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) of Pulmonary Neoplasm
    • Following XXXXX
  • Physiology
    • Pleural Inflammation
• Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis)
  • Physiology
    • Pleural Inflammation

Rheumatologic

• Adult-Onset Still’s Disease (see Adult-Onset Still’s Disease)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXXX
  • Diagnosis
    • Neutrophil-Predominant Pleural Effusion
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Ankylosing Spondylitis (see Ankylosing Spondylitis)
  • Epidemiology
    • Pleural Effusion is Rare
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Behcet’s Syndrome (see Behcet’s Syndrome)
  • Epidemiology
    • Pleural Effusion is Uncommon
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA, Churg-Strauss Syndrome) (see Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis)
  • Epidemiology
    • Pleural Effusion Occurs in 30% of Cases
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA, Wegener’s Granulomatosis) (see Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis>)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (see Hypereosinophilic Syndrome)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Microscopic Polyangiitis (see Microscopic Polyangiitis)
  • Epidemiology
    • Pleural Effusion Occurs in 10-30% of Cases
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) (see Mixed Connective Tissue Disease)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis (see Polydermatomyositis)
  • Epidemiology
    • Pleural Effusions is Rare
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) (see Rheumatoid Arthritis)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Scleroderma (see Scleroderma)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Sjogren’s Syndrome (see Sjogren’s Syndrome)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (see Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
  • Clinical
    • XXXX

Drugs

• Amiodarone (Cordarone) (see Amiodarone)
• β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists (β-Blockers) (se β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists)
• Bromocriptine (Parlodel, Cycloset, Brotin) (see Bromocriptine)
• Cabergoline (Dostinex, Cabaser) (see Cabergoline)
• Clozapine (Clozaril) (see Clozapine)
• Dantrolene (see Dantrolene)
• Dasatinib (Sprycel) (see Dasatinib)
• Docetaxel (Taxotere) (see Docetaxel)
• Ergotamine (see Ergotamine)
• Interleukin-2 (IL-2) (see Interleukin-2)
• Isotretinoin (Accutane) (see Isotretinoin)
• Mesalamine (5-ASA) (see Mesalamine)
• Methotrexate (see Methotrexate)
• Methysergide (see Methysergide)
• Metronidazole (Flagyl) (see Metronidazole)
• Mitomycin C (see Mitomycin)
• Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid, Furadantin) (see Nitrofurantoin)
• Phenytoin (Dilantin) (see Phenytoin)
• Procarbazine (see Procarbazine)
• Propylthiouracil (PTU) (see Propylthiouracil)
• Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) (see Sulfasalazine)
• Tretinoin (All-Trans Retinoic Acid/ATRA) (see Tretinoin)

Other

Capillary Leak Syndrome (Kidney Int, 2017) [MEDLINE]

• Etiology
  • Autoimmune Disease
  • Differentiation Syndrome (see Tretinoin)
  • Engraftment Syndrome (see xxxx)
    • XXXX
  • Gemcitabine (XXXX) (see Gemcitabine)
  • Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) (see Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis)
  • Idiopathic Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome (Clarkson’s Disease)
  • Interleukin-2 (IL-2) (see Interleukin-2)
  • Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (see Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome)
  • Ricin (see Ricin)
  • Sepsis (see Sepsis)
  • Snakebite (see xxxx)
  • Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
    • XXXX (see xxxx)
• Electrical Burns (see Electrical Burns)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
• Extramedullary Hematopoiesis (see Extramedullary Hematopoiesis)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
  • Clinical
    • XXXX
• Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) (see Familial Mediterranean Fever)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
• Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease (see Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
• Inadvertent Central Venous Catheter (CVC) Placement Into Pleural Space (see Central Venous Catheter)
  • Diagnosis
    • Pleural fluid will have characteristics of the infusate, so may appear to be transudative or exudative
• Inadvertent Nasogastric (NG)/Orogastric (OG) Tube Placement Into Pleural Space (see Nasogastric-Orogastric Tube)
  • Diagnosis
    • Pleural fluid will have characteristics of the infusate, so may appear to be transudative or exudative
• Trauma
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
• Uremic Pleurisy (see Uremic Pleurisy)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXXXX
• Yellow Nail Syndrome (see Yellow Nail Syndrome)
  • Epidemiology
    • XXXX
  • Clinical
    • XXXX