Etiology

Infection

• Mucormycosis (see Mucormycosis, [[Mucormycosis]])
• Sinusitis (see Sinusitis, [[Sinusitis]])
  • Extension of infection from the paranasal sinuses may result in subdural empyema, cerebral venous thrombosis, and/or bacterial meningitis
  • Frontal Sinusitis: most common source of infection (via spread through emissary veins between the posterior sinus mucosa and the meninges)
  • Sphenoid Sinusitis: may result in cavernous sinus thrombosis

Trauma/Surgery

• Head Trauma
• Dural Taps
• Infusions into Internal Jugular Vein

Hypercoagulable States (see Hypercoagulable States, [[Hypercoagulable States]])

• Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome (see Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome, [[Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome]])
• Anti-Annexin A2 Antibodies: annexin A2 is a fibrinolytic receptor
• Antithombin III Deficiency (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Factor V Leiden Mutation (see Factor V Leiden, [[Factor V Leiden]])
• Hyperhomocysteinemia (see Hyperhomocysteinemia, [[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]): strong risk factor for cerebral venous thrombosis (being present in 27-43% of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis)
• Malignancy
• Pregnancy/Puerperium (see Pregnancy, [[Pregnancy]])
• Protein C Deficiency (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Protein S Deficiency (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])

Rheumatologic

• Behcet’s Disease (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Wegener’s Granulomatosis (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])

Drugs

• Corticosteroids (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid (Amicar) (see Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid, [[Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid]])
• Erythropoitein (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) (see Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, [[Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia]])
• L-Asparaginase (see L-Asparaginase, [[L-Asparaginase]])
• Oral Contraceptives (OCP) (see xxxx, [[xxxx]]): including third generation formulations
• Phytoestrogens
• Tamoxifen (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Thalidomide (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])

Other

• Cirrhosis (see End-Stage Liver Disease, [[End-Stage Liver Disease]])
• Dehydration
• High Altitude (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • Crohn’s Disease
  • Ulcerative Colitis
• Lumbar Puncture: case reports of cerebral venous thrombosis after lumbar puncture (possibly related to decreased smean blood velocity in straight sinus
• Nephrotic Syndrome (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Polycythemia (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Sarcoidosis (see Sarcoidosis, [[Sarcoidosis]])
• Sickle Cell Disease (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])
• Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: cerebral venous thrombosis is present in only 2.1% of patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension
• Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) (see xxxx, [[xxxx]])

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Site of Thrombosis

• Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
• xxx

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Diagnosis

• Head CT:
• Brain MRI/MRA:

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Clinical Manifestations

Neurologic Manifestations

• Headache (see Headache, [[Headache]])
• Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) (see Increased Intracranial Pressure, [[Increased Intracranial Pressure]]): with sagittal sinus thrombosis -> obstructed cerebral venous outflow

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Treatment

• Anticoagulation:
• xxx

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References

• xxx