Etiology
Cardiac
- Atrial Myxoma (see Atrial Myxoma, [[Atrial Myxoma]])
- Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease (see congenital-heart-disease, [[Congenital Heart Disease]]): most common cardiac cause
- Endocarditis (see Endocarditis, [[Endocarditis]])
Gastrointestinal
- Cirrhosis (see End-Stage Liver Disease, [[End-Stage Liver Disease]])
- Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (see Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, [[Primary Biliary Cirrhosis]]): especially associated
- Crohn’s Disease (see Crohn’s Disease, [[Crohns Disease]])
- Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (see Hepatopulmonary Syndrome, [[Hepatopulmonary Syndrome]])
- Malabsorption
- Ulcerative Colitis (see Ulcerative Colitis, [[Ulcerative Colitis]])
Pulmonary
- Chronic Hypoxemia (see Hypoxemia, [[Hypoxemia]]): of any etiology
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) (see Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, [[Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis]]): 40-75% of cases
- More common later in disease course
- Lung Cancer (see Lung Cancer, [[Lung Cancer]])
- Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: 54% of all cases
- Small-Cell Lung Cancer: < 5% of cases
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) (see Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, [[Lymphangioleiomyomatosis]]): occurs in <5% of cases
- Pleural Mesothelioma (see Pleural Mesothelioma, [[Pleural Mesothelioma]])
- Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) (see Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation, [[Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation]])
- Suppurative Lung Disease
- Bronchiectasis (see Bronchiectasis, [[Bronchiectasis]])
- Cystic Fibrosis (CF) (see Cystic Fibrosis, [[Cystic Fibrosis]])
- Emypema (see Pleural Effusion-Parapneumonic, [[Pleural Effusion-Parapneumonic]])
- Lung Abscess (see Lung Abscess)
- Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis): complicated cases
Other
- Axillary Artery Aneurysm: causes unilateral clubbing
- Familial Clubbing
- Grave’s Disease (Thyroid Acropachy) (see Grave’s Disease)
- Pseudoclubbing: African-Africans may have what appears to be clubbing
(Note: clubbing is not associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)
References
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