Hypokalemia


Etiology

Pseudohypokalemia

  • Lab Error

Intracellular Shift of Potasssium

Renal Potassium Loss

  • Corticosteroids (see Corticosteroids)
  • Hyperaldosteronism (see Hyperaldosteronism)
    • Abiraterone (Zytiga) (see Abiraterone): due to mineralocorticoid excess
  • Diuretics
  • Leptospirosis (see Leptospirosis)
    • Physiology: outer membrane protein of Leptospira inhibits the Na/K/Cl cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of Henle, causing hypokalemia and renal sodium wasting

Extra-Renal Potassium Loss

Other


Clinical Manifestations

Cardiovascular Manifestations

Arrhythmias

Atrioventricular Heart Blocks

Electrocardiographic Changes (see Electrocardiogram)

Other

Neurologic Manifestations

Metabolic Manifestations

Gastroenterologic Manifestations

Renal Manifestations


Treatment

Potassium Replacement in Specific Clinical Scenarios

Potassium Replacement in the Setting of Alkalosis/Normal Acid-Base Status

Potassium Replacement in the Setting of Metabolic Acidosis

Potassium Replacement in the Setting of Hyponatremia

Complications of Treatment of Hypokalemia

Renal Complications


References