Etiology -> P-A-I-N-T-O-C-P
Pleural Disease
- Examples
- Fibrothorax (see Fibrothorax)
- Large Pleural Effusion (see Pleural Effusion-Exudate)
- PFT Features
- Variable lung volumes
Alveolar Filling Process
- Examples
- Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (see Congestive Heart Failure)
- Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) (see Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis)
- PFT Features
- Proportional decrease in TLC, FRC, RV, and VC
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)
- Examples
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) (see Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis)
- Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP) see Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis)
- PFT Features
- Decreased TLC
- Decreased FRC
- Decreased VC
- Small decrease in RV
Neuromuscular Disease
- Examples
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (see Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
- Bilateral Diaphragmatic Paralysis (see Bilateral Diaphragmatic Paralysis)
- Guillian-Barre Syndrome (GBS) (see Guillian-Barre Syndrome)
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Myasthenia Gravis (see Myasthenia Gravis)
- Poliomyelitis (see Poliomyelitis)
- PFT Features
- Decreased TLC in pure inspiratory weakness, but not in pure expiratory muscle weakness (this is one of the cases where restriction can be diagnosed in setting of a normal TLC)
- No change in FRC in cases with both inspiratory and expiratory muscle weakness
Thoracic Cage Abnormality
- Examples
- Ankylosing Spondylitis (see Ankylosing Spondylitis): due to costovertebral spondylosis
- Ascites (see Ascites)
- Kyphoscoliosis (see Kyphoscoliosis)
- Polydermatomyositis (see Polydermatomyositis): extensive soft tissue chest wall calcification
- Scleroderma (see Scleroderma): skin tightness over chest may restrict thoracic cage expansion
- Pregnancy (see Pregnancy)
- PFT Features
- Decreased TLC
- Decrease in VC
- Small decrease in FRC (normal-slightly increased in Ankylosing Spondylitis cases with restricted thoracic cage expansion)
Obesity
- PFT Features
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Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) (see Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension)
- Restrictive PFT’S are seen in 20% of cases
- PFT Features
- Generally mild restriction
Poor Cooperation
- PFT Features
- xxxx